Winter 1999 Volume 8, Number 2

University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

Oshkosh, WI 54901-8642

Telephone: (920) 424-7115 or (920) 424-4105

FAX: (920) 424-0292

E-mail: gulley@vaxa.cis.uwosh.edu

Shortridge, the name I bear, is said by one family tradition to have English origins. Another tale asserts that it is Scottish. Partly to resolve this minor mystery, and partly because Shortridge is a rare enough name that I thought it might be feasible to connect the wole bunch of us together in some orderly fashion (including me with Ashton Shortridge, a GIS student at UCSB), I have spent some time over the last year in the genealogy sections of area libraries. Two things have struck me repeatedly in these ventures. First, amazing numbers of people are passionately interested in the pursuit of family history. Lines form before the doors open, and patrons occasionally jostle one another in the rush to get first access to a choice roll of 1820 Kentucky census or a tattered volume of Yamhill County, Oregon, history. This enthusiasm for knowledge is countered somewhat by the second observation, though. From the many conversations one overhears (or is forced to listen to--these people all want to talk), almost none of the researchers have any solid historical or geographical context into which to place their linked ancestral findings.

I admit to having shaken my head a bit at this ignorance, but I also have tried to provide my fellow patrons with some information on general migration patterns and the like. As I reflect on the issue, though, I think that more open and more formal collaborations between the historical geography and the genealogical communities would be mutually beneficial. Allow me to share some observations. We academicians and other professional people could begin, perhaps, by admitting to one another that we at least dabble in the genealogical world ourselves. Such work is not all the sphere of the proverbial "little old ladies." We also should recognize more openly that genealogy resources have been and remain useful in our academic activities. Alyson Greiner at Oklahoma State tells me that she uses the "gen-web" network on the internet to add to her ongoing compilation of cemetery sites, for example. Many of us have appreciated the reprintings of old county histories that have been spearheaded by local groups. Moreover, the Mid-Continent Public Library in Independence, Missouri, and the Allen County Public Library in Fort Wayne, Indiana, among others, have searched out such works with true diligence and now have two of the finest collections of local histories in the country--marvelous resources for grounding our spatial theories and creating our databases.

What might we geographers offer back to the genealogists? An obvious beginning point might be to volunteer to speak before local and state organizations on the immigration patterns and cultural legacies to be found in our respective regions. To learn whether one’s ancestral paths were part of a more general movement or ran counter to the mainstream is inherently interesting, and, from my experience, such contextual information would be greatly appreciated. Instead of student apathy, you will be deluged with questions afterwards.

I also think we should tap into the wellspring of genealogical interest among the general public in more stuctured ways. When Brad Baltensperger visited Lawrence last summer, we tossed around the idea of a book or special issue of a journal. What if several geographers each wrote chapters about the migration history of part of their families? The initial scale might be restricted in some manner, to stress, say, the South or the Asian-American experience, but if the project were fully implemented and coordinated well, I think it would have the potential to be almost idealized historical geography--the kind of text where the personal and the theoretical would intertwine and benefit from one another’s presence. It might even make historical geography "popular."

Terry Jordan and Matti Kaups have provided a taste of the possibilities for the kind of studies I envision in their book, The American Backwoods Frontier (Johns Hopkins, 1989). They produced maps of several surnames to suggest effectively general paths of diffusion. When I first read this book, I remember thinking how wonderful it would be if we could add personal stories to each of these dot patterns. This year I actually was able to do a little of this for some western Missourians in the 1850s and 1860s. Anxiety levels were high there over the political status of adjacent Kansas Territory and other issues. The tensions caused two of my direct-line ancestors to return back to "their mother’s people" in Illinois, another to join in the big flow of immigration from Missouri to North Texas, and still another to die prematurely after being forced from his home after being labeled a Southern sympathizer. Through individual incidents such as these a place and time can come to life.

Does any of this spark interest out there in newsletterland? Do you think the general idea is worth pursuing? If so, how might it best be implemented? If you have thoughts on the matter as you begin to ponder an AAG meeting on the beach, please drop me a line. My e-mail address appears above.

As many readers of Past Place have learned, change through time is one of a few fundamental approaches to understanding the essence of historical geography. As newletter editor for the past four years, I have come to appreciate that this concept applies to the nature and workings of our specialty group just as well as it does to analyzing landscape change. I have recently decided to step aside as editor of Past Place and wish to use this column to comment on some changes from the recent past, some likely to be mooted in the near future, and some that might bolster the Historical Geography Specialty Group’s (HGSG) influence and vitality.

Technology is a key agent in much change through time. In the realm of communication, the internet has emerged during the past four years.

The HGSG has adapted by establishing a listserv under Anne Mosher’s direction, and David Robinson has overseen the group’s informative website. The ability to disseminate information almost instantaneously has provided new opportunities to publicize meetings, job openings, grant opportunities, and debates. HGSG members and others who have access to this technology have participated in and benefited from these changes.

These technological changes do, however, make it reasonable to question the status of and need for a paper newsletter which is distributed twice a year to HGSG members. My successor as editor may well be faced in the near future with some difficult questions about how best to share information efficiently and cost effectively. Options include continuing with the newsletter in its current form, distributing it periodically via e-mail, and posting news items on the HGSG website and/or listserv. Each of these possibilities has its advantages and drawbacks, leaving us with no obvious choice. One key issue is access to the information, since not all HGSG members may have convenient access to computer networks, while many nonmembers do have access. Those who pay specialty group dues certainly deserve timely access to useful information. When these issues are debated, perhaps as early as the HGSG business meeting in Honolulu, I advise members to remember that the editor’s duties in compiling the information require a significant commitment of time and effort. Therefore, I believe that it would be unreasonable to expect the editor to distribute the material in multiple formats to different lists of members. A single, coherent approach to dissemination is vital to the specialty group’s interests. (I should note here that no one has suggested otherwise to me.) I encourage HGSG members to express their opinions on these issues.

Another technological change that some geographers have embraced in the past four years is geographic information systems (GIS). While some of our colleagues may seem rather overcommitted to this method of analysis, I have previously expressed my opinion that this is a potentially valuable approach to understanding landscape change through time. Its strength lies in the capability to manage enormous quantities of spatial and attribute data, including features at various points in time. As a supplement to traditional approaches and to a well developed understanding of topical and regional geography, GIS offers historical geographers the potential to analyze specific scenarios. Some GIS specialists may deride such efforts if they believe the base maps used are "inaccurate," but others are quite interested in seeing new ways of applying the technology. In this instance, "new" includes historical analysis. I am encouraged to see that some of our graduate student members are using GIS to explore topics in all regions of the world.

One change that I have noticed during my term as editor is a decline in numbers of HGSG members. We remain one of the larger specialty groups within the AAG, but our group’s continued vitality will be based partly on numbers. While AAG admits that our national organization’s numbers have declined similarly, this is one trend which the HGSG should strive to overcome. Some ways which would seem to make this outcome more likely include promoting our courses among students and colleagues, publishing material in outlets having readers likely to appreciate our work, and sharing our ideas with public and professional groups. Within the AAG, we may be well served by having HGSG members active in AAG governance, oversight, and administration. Like current AAG President Graf, I also believe that maintaining and even raising the quality of our presentations at the annual meetings is vital to affirming the significance of our work and methods.

One change which I will recommend is greater participation among HGSG members in the group’s activities, including sharing information with the newsletter editor. I have enjoyed serving as editor, but I have also been quite disappointed at the small number of members who have contacted me with information or ideas. I urge many more members to become actively engaged in the business and tasks of the group. Do not wait to be asked, but rather inquire about ways you might become more involved. Not everyone will wish to serve as an officer, but virtually all members can contribute time and ideas.

I wish to thank Craig Colten and Pete Shortridge for their investment of energy in leading the HGSG as chairs during the past four years. Cathy Kindquist and her contributors have also worked hard to provide readers with the bibliographies, including the one in this issue, and I appreciate their efforts. Dawn and Marshall Bowen have been frequent contributors, and I thank them for their consideration. To the other members who have provided much needed information and suggestions, thank you.

I hope that the readers have found this newsletter a welcome addition to their mailboxes every few months. As Past Place changed somewhat in appearance and content after I assumed responsibility from Bob Mitchell, Paul Groves, and Jay Thomas at the University of Maryland, I am certain that it will undergo further changes in the coming years. Readers, please take the time to influence that process. If you send comments to me at the address on page one, I will happily forward them to the new editor.

Compiled by Cathy E. Kindquist (Western State College of Colorado). Contributor: Neil S. Forkey (St. Lawrence University, Department of History).

Environmental history has enjoyed attention in the United States for the past two decades. In Canada, however, such scholarship has been undertaken rather recently, even though the land and natural resources hold a place in Canadian historiography.

According to some of the standard-bearers of Canadian history, for example Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930); The Cod Fisheries: The History of International Economy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), Donald Creighton, (The Commercial Empire on the St. Lawrence (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1937), and Arthur R. M. Lower, (The North American Assault on the Canadian Forest: A History of the Lumber Trade Between Canada and the United States (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1938); Great Britain's Woodyard: British America and the Timber Trade, 1763-1867 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973), natural resources were important in shaping the nation. These historians are most often identified with what became known as the "Laurentian" school and the "staples" approach. Broadly defined, this prevailing thesis of the 1930s and 1940s suggests that Canada's origin and national character were determined by its geography and resources. Along the vast St. Lawrence River valley, Montreal emerged as the entrepot for the exchange of the hinterland's furs, fish, timber, and wheat (i.e. "staples") and international capital. The staples were intended for European consumption, and the subsequent linkages across the Atlantic served to cement Canada to its imperial past and future commercial fortunes. Those of the Laurentian school and its implicit "staples" approach viewed nature not as an actor in the drama of nation building, but rather saw the environment generally as a scaffolding upon which human history unfolded. Environmental history seeks to uncover the reciprocal and non-reciprocal relations between humans and nature. Although the "staples" approach provides a framework for explaining Canada's past, it also masks the essential role of social relationships and the dynamic which exists between humans and their environment. Thus the "Laurentian" school and the "staples" approach are not recommended starting points for writing the environmental history of Canada.

Where should we locate the antecedents for Canadian environmental history? The answer lies in the close connection between this field and historical geography, wherein Andrew Hill Clark figures prominently. Clark recognized the interplay between people and their environment and the role which history played in shaping that relationship. His two works on the Maritime region: Three Centuries and the Island: A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1959), and Acadia: The Geography of Nova Scotia to 1760 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968) act as solid models for tracing cultural transfer from Europe and land use in early Canada. Also significant are the works of R. Cole Harris, The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study (1966; reprinted, Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984) and Graeme Wynn, Timber Colony: A Historical Geography of Early Nineteenth Century New Brunswick (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981). Again, these studies were not intended to fit within the purview of environmental history, though they nonetheless suggest models and methods useful to those practitioners in the emerging field. Thomas F. McIlwraith's Looking for Old Ontario: Two Centuries of Landscape Change (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997) should also be consulted as it is a valuable source in the study of Ontario's past.

Two sources which serve to fill gaps in the Canadian field should be noted. First published in 1978, Janet Foster's Working for Wildlife: The Beginnings of Preservation in Canada, 2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997) provides a point of departure for the examination of changing perceptions of nature and resource management between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. The revised edition also includes a valuable bibliographic essay by Lorne Hammond. Also, Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield have edited a collection of articles for Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History (Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995), and the most noteworthy titles have been listed below. I have expressed reservations about the volume in my review which appears in Labour/Travail 36,2 (Fall 1995):343-345, however the Gaffields do highlight the growing interest in this developing field.

The Canadian field is in its infancy and much research remains to be done. The following selected bibliography of Canadian, Canadian-American, and kindred studies may be helpful to scholars interested in environmental history and human-environment interactions.

Abbreviations

AC Acadiensis

ARCS American Review of Canadian Studies

CHR Canadian Historical Review

EH Environmental History

EHR Environmental History Review

ER Environmental Review

FCH Forest and Conservation History

JCHA/RSHC Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de la Societe Historique du Canada

JCS Journal of Canadian Studies

JFH Journal of Forest History

OH Ontario History

SC Scientia Canadensis

Allardyce, Gilbert. "'The Vexed Question of Sawdust': River Pollution in Nineteenth Century New Brunswick." In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History, eds. Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield. Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995.

Altmeyer, George. "Three Ideas of Nature in Canada, 1893-1914." JCS 11(August 1976): 21-36.

Artibise, Alan F.J. and Gilbert A. Stetler. "Conservation Planning and Urban Planning: The Canadian Commission of Conservation in Historical Perspective." In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History, eds. Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield. Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995.

Bocking, Stephen. Ecologists and Environmental Politics: A History of Contemporary Ecology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Bogue, Margaret Beattie. "In the Shadow of the Union Jack: British Legacies and Great Lakes Fishery Policy." ER 11, 1 (Spring 1987): 19-34.

-----. "To Save the Fish: Canada, the United States, the Great Lakes, and the Joint Commission of 1892." Journal of American History 79, 4 (March 1993): 1429-1424.

Boone, Christopher G. "Language Politics and Flood Control in Nineteenth Century Montreal." EH 1, 3 (July 1996): 70-85.

Bordo, Jonathan. "Jack Pine - Wilderness Sublime or the Erasure of the Aboriginal Presence from the Landscape." JCS 27, 4 (Winter 1992-93): 98-128.

Brown, Robert Craig. "The Doctrine of Usefulness: Natural Resources and National Park Policy in Canada, 1887-1914." In Canadian National Parks: Today and Tomorrow, Vol. 1, eds. J.G. Nelson and R.C. Scace. Calgary: University of Calgary, 1968.

Christie, Nancy. "Sir William Logan's Geological Empire and the 'Humbug' of Economic Utility." CHR 75, 2 (June 1994): 161-204.

Coates, Colin M. "Like 'The Thames Towards Putney': The Appropriation of Landscape in Lower Canada." CHR 74, 3 (September 1993): 317-343.

Cook, Ramsey. "Cabbages Not Kings: Toward an Ecological Interpretation of Early Canadian History." JCS 24, 2 (Winter 1990-91): 5-16.

-----. "1492 and All That: Making a Garden Out of Wilderness." In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History, eds. Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield. Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995.

Craig, Beatrice. "Agriculture and the Lumberman's Frontier in the Upper Saint John Valley, 1800-70." JFH 32, 2 (July 1988): 125-137.

Dobak, William A. "Killing the Canadian Buffalo, 1821-1881." Western Historical Quarterly 27, 1 (1996): 33-52.

Dorsey, Kurk. "Putting a Ceiling on Sealing: Conservation and Cooperation in the International Arena, 1909-1911." EHR 15, 3 (Fall 1991): 27-45.

-----. "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era." Diplomatic History 19, 3 (Summer 1995): 407-429.

Dunlap, Thomas R. "'The Old Kinship of the Earth': Science, Man, and Nature in the Animal Stories of Charles G.D. Roberts." JCS 22, 1 (Spring 1987): 104-120.

-----. "The Realistic Animal Story: Ernest Thompson Seton, Charles Roberts, and Darwinism." FCH 36, 2 (April 1992): 56-62.

Evenden, Matthew D. "The Laborers of Nature: Economic Ornithology and the Role of Birds as Agents of Biological Pest Control in North American Agriculture, ca. 1880-1930." FCH 39, 4 (October 1995): 172-183.

Forkey, Neil S. "Anglers, Fishers, and the St. Croix River: Conflict in a Canadian-American Borderland, 1867-1900." FCH 37, 4 (October 1993): 179-187.

-----. "Maintaining a Great Lakes Fishery: The State, Science, and the Case of Ontario's Bay of Quinte, 1870-1920." OH 87, 1 (March 1995): 45-64.

-----. "Damning the Dam: Ecology and Community in Ops Township, Upper Canada." CHR 79, 1 (March 1998): 68-99.

Gillis, Robert Peter. "The Ottawa Lumber Barons and the Conservation Movement, 1880-1914." JCS 9, 1 (February 1974): 14-30.

-----. "Rivers and Sawdust: The Battle Over Industrial Pollution in Canada, 1865-1903." JCS 21, 1 (Spring 1986).

Gillis, Robert Peter and Thomas R. Roach. "The American Influence on Conservation in Canada, 1899-1911." JFH 30, 4 (October 1986): 160-174.

Girard, Michel. "The Commission of Conservation as Forerunner to the National Research Council, 1909-1921." SC 15, 2 (1991): 19-40.

-----. "The Oka Crisis from an Environmental History Perspective, 1870-1990." In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History, eds. Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield. Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995.

Gluek, Alvin C., Jr. "Canada's Splendid Bargain: The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911." CHR 63, 2 (June 1982): 179-201.

Gottesman, Dan. "Native Hunting and the Migratory Birds Convention Act: Historical, Political, and Ideological Perspectives." JCS 18, 3 (Fall 1983): 67-89.

Hammond, Lorne. "Marketing Wildlife: The Hudson's Bay Company and the Pacific Northwest, 1821-49." FCH 37, 1 (January 1993): 14-25.

Hodgins, Bruce W., Jamie Benidickson and Peter Gillis. "The Ontario and Quebec Experiments in Forest Reserves, 1883-1930." JFH 26, 1 (January 1982): 20-33.

Hodgins, Bruce and Jamie Benidickson. The Temagami Experience: Recreation, Resources, and Aboriginal Rights in the Northern Ontario Wilderness. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.

Hubbard, Jennifer. "The Commission of Conservation and the Canadian Atlantic Fisheries." SC 12, 1 (Spring-Summer 1988): 22-52.

-----. "Home Sweet Home?: A.G. Huntsman and the Homing Behavior of Canadian Atlantic Salmon." AC 19, 2 (Spring 1990): 40-71.

Ingram, Gordon Brent. "Conserving Habitat and Biological Diversity: A Study of Obstacles on Gwaii Haanas, British Columbia." FCH 39, 2 (April 1995): 77-89.

Jasen, Patricia. Wild Things: Nature, Culture, and Tourism in Ontario, 1790-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.

Jockel, Joseph T. and Alan M. Schwartz. "The Changing Environmental Role of the Canada-United States International Joint Commission." ER 8, 3 (Fall 1984): 236-51.

Kehoe, Terence. Cleaning Up the Great Lakes: From Cooperation to Confrontation. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997.

Killan, Gerald. Protected Places: A History of Ontario's Provincial Parks System. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1993.

Kuhlberg, Mark. "Ontario's Nascent Environmentalists: Seeing the Foresters for the Trees in Southern Ontario, 1919-29." OH 88, 2 (June 1996): 119-143.

MacEachern, Alan. "Rationality and Rationalization in Canadian National Parks Predator Policy." In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History, eds. Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield. Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995.

MacLulich, T.D. "Reading the Land: The Wilderness Tradition in Canadian Letters." JCS 20, 2 (Summer 1985): 29-44.

Manore, Jean. "Nature's Power and Native Persistence: The Influence of First Nations and the Environment in the Development of the Mattagami Hydro-Electric System During the Twentieth Century." JCHA/RSHC 6 (1995): 157-177.

McGucken, William. "The Canadian Federal Government, Cultural Eutrophication, and Regulation of Detergent Phosphates, 1970." ER 13, 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1989): 155-166.

Nelles, H.V. The Politics of Development: Forests, Mines and Hydro-Electric Power in Ontario, 1849-1941. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.

O'Brien, Charles F. "The Champlain Waterway, 1897-1967." ARCS 19, 3 (Autumn 1989): 241-259.

Parenteau, Bill. "Bonded Labor: Canadian Woods Workers in the Maine Pulpwood Industry, 1940-1955." FCH 37, 3 (July 1993): 108-119.

-----. "'Care, Control and Supervision': Native People in the Canadian Atlantic Salmon Fishery, 1867-1900." CHR 79, 1 (March 1998): 1-35.

Parenteau, Bill and L. Anders Sandberg. "Conservation and the Gospel of Economic Nationalism: The Canadian Pulpwood Question in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick." EHR 19, 2 (Summer 1995):57-83.

Potyondi, Barry. "Loss and Substitution: The Ecology of Production in Southwestern Saskatchewan, 1860-1930." JCHA/RSHC 5 (1994): 213-235.

Rajala, Richard J. "The Forest as Factory: Technological Change and Worker Control in the West Coast Logging Industry, 1880-1930." Labour/Le Travail 32, 2 (Fall 1993): 73-104.

Read, Jennifer. "'Let us heed the voice of youth': Laundry Detergents, Phosphates and the Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Ontario." JCHA/RSHC 7 (1996): 227-250.

Reichwein, Pearlann. "'Hand Off Our National Parks': The Alpine Club of Canada and Hydro-development Controversies in the Canadian Rockies, 1922-1930." JCHA/RSHC 6 (1995): 129-155.

Richardson, Arthur H. Conservation by the People: The History of the Conservation Movement in Ontario to 1970. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Roach, Thomas. "The Pulpwood Trade and the Settlers of New Ontario, 1919-1938." JCS 22, 3 (Fall 1987): 78-88.

Roach, Thomas and Richard W. Judd. "A Man for All Seasons: Frank John Dixie Barnum, Conservationist, Pulpwood Embargoist, and Speculator!" AC 20, 2 (Spring 1992): 129-144.

Sabin, Paul. "Voices from the Hydrocarbon Frontier: Canada's Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, 1974-1977." EHR 19, 1 (Spring 1995): 17-48.

Sandberg, L. Anders. "Forest Policy in Nova Scotia: The Big Lease, Cape Breton Island, 1899-1960." AC 20, 2 (Spring 1991): 105-128.

-----, ed. Trouble in the Woods: Social Conflict and Forest Policy in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Fredericton: Acadiensis Press, 1992.

Sandberg, L. Anders and Peter Clancy. "Forestry in a Staples Economy: The Checkered Career of Otto Schier beck, Chief Forester, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1926-1933." EH 2, 1 (January 1997): 74-95.

Spry, Irene M. "Aboriginal Resource Use in the Nineteenth Century in the Great Plains of Modern Canada." In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History, eds. Chad Gaffield and Pam Gaffield. Toronto: Copp-Clark, 1995.

Van West, John J. "Ecological and Economic Dependence in a Great Lakes Community-Based Fishery: Fishermen in the Smelt Fisheries of Port Dover, Ontario." JCS 24, 2 (Summer 1989): 95-115.

Wadland, John. Ernest Thompson Seton: Man in Nature and the Progressive Era, 1880-1915. New York: Arno Press, 1978.

Waiser, W. A. The Field Naturalist: John Macoun, the Geological Survey, and Natural Science. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.

Whitney, Harriet. "Sir George C. Gibbons, Canadian Diplomat, and the Canadian-American Boundary Water Resources, 1905-1910." ARCS 3, 1 (Spring 1973): 65-75.

Wightman, W. Robert and Nancy M. Wightman. The Land Between: Northwestern Ontario Resource Development, 1800 to the 1990s. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

Wirth, John D. "The Trail Smelter Dispute: Canadians and Americans Confront Transboundary Pollution, 1927-1941." EH 1, 2 (April 1996): 34-51.

Zeller, Suzanne. Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and Idea of a Transcontinental Nation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.

-----. "The Spirit of Bacon: Science and Self-Perception in the Hudson's Bay Company, 1830-1870." SC 13, 2 (Fall-Winter 1989): 79-101.

Contact: Cathy Kindquist, Dept. of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Western State College of Colorado, Gunnison, CO 81231

Telephone: (970) 943-7011 or E-mail: ckindquist@western.edu

March 23-27, 1999

1999 Annual South Dakota State Geography Convention: Brookings, South Dakota

The meeting theme is "Looking at the Land." Fifteen invited speakers will present papers in honor of John Fraser Hart.

Contact: Darrell Napton, Geography Dept., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007

Telephone: (605) 688-4831, FAX: (605) 688-4030, or E-mail: NaptonD@mg.sdstate.edu

1999 International Cartographic Association Meeting: Ottawa, Canada

"Touch the Past, Visualize the Future" is the theme of this international conference. Copies of the preliminary program and other information are available.

Contact: ICA Ottawa 1999, 615 Booth Street, Room 500, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E9 Canada. FAX: (613) 995-8737 or Internet at http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ica1999/

Annual Conference of the University of Nebraska Center for Great Plains Studies

April 6-8, 2000

This meeting’s theme is "Bison: The Past, Present, and Future of the Great Plains." Deadline for submitting proposals or abstracts of 150 to 200 words, along with a cover letter and brief resumé is July 1, 1999.

Contact: Dr. Charlene Porsild and Dr. Ken Winkle, Co-Chairs, Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1213 Oldfather Hall, P. O. Box 880314, Lincoln, NE 68588-0314

Telephone: (402) 472-3082, FAX: (402) 472-0463, or E-mail: cgps@unlinfo.unl.edu

Historical geography students traveling to Honolulu were eligible for travel awards from the Historical Geography Specialty Group (separate from AAG travel awards). Students who are presenting a paper in the HGSG student competition and who are presenting the paper in Honolulu had first priority for the awards. Each of the following students are being supported with $200 awards: J. Christopher Gillam (University of South Carolina), Timothy Bawden (University of Wisconsin Madison), Samuel Dennis (Pennsylvania State University), Peter Morris (University of Wisconsin Madison), Christian Axsiom (Syracuse University), Douglas Hurt (University of Oklahoma), Mary Beth Marquardt (University of Wisconsin Madison).

Organizer and Chair: Lawrence A. McGlinn, Valdosta State University

Date: March 25, 1999 (Thursday)

11:00 Samuel F. Dennis, Pennsylvania State University, "A Little Club of Relatives and Friends": Hunters, Race, and the State in Lowcountry South Carolina

11:16 J. Christopher Gillam, University of South Carolina, The Influence of Geography on Archaeological Inquiry

11:32 Kevin A. Henry, Towson University, Guano and the Growth of the Fertilizer Industry in Nineteenth Century Baltimore

11:48 Margaret A. Kaluzny, University of Texas-Austin, Understanding Urban Process: Contemporary Observation and Historical Evidence of San Bartolome, a Neighborhood in Seville, Spain

12:04 Frank P. Boscoe, Pennsylvania State University, "A Project of Doubtful Utility": Opposition to Public Spending in Antebellum, Pennsylvania

Discussant: Christopher Boone, California State University-Los Angeles

The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography at the Newberry Library is hosting an eight-week seminar in residence at the Newberry Library. Dr. James R. Akerman will lead the study of "Maps and Nations: Discovering and Debating the Interaction Between Society and Cartography" during twice-weekly seminar sessions. Twelve graduate students who will benefit from in-depth study of the political and ethical dimensions of the relationship between mapping and community definition will be selected for the awards. Application deadline is April 16, 1999.

Contact: James Akerman or Kristen Block, The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography, The Newberry Library, 60 W. Walton Street, Chicago, IL 60610-3380

Telephone: (312) 255-3523 or (312) 255-3659 or E-mail: smithctr@newberry.org

Please send the editor items that may be of interest to other readers of this newsletter. Readers may submit items to the outgoing editor for forwarding to his successor. Otherwise, send items to the new editor. For all but the briefest announcements, please send a copy of the notice on diskette or by e-mail. (Contact the editor if you have questions about file formats.)

Contact: Harold E. Gulley (Addresses and numbers appear on page one of this issue.)